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__**Questions for Ancient and Modern Journeys to Adulthood **__

__**Setting: **__

1. Who goes through the process? 2. When does it take place? (at a certain age, stage of development, or time of year) 3. Over what period of time does it take place? (a day, week, month, years) 4. Where does it take place?


 * __Physical:__**

1. What physical challenges or risk-taking behaviors are involved? 2. What permanent physical changes or alterations are made to the body or appearance? 3. What special food or drinks are involved? 4. What special clothing or decorations are used? 5. What dances, movements, chanting, or songs are involved?

__**Social and Psychological:**__

1. Who is in charge? 2. What kinds of perosnal ot emotional changes do the individuals go through? 3. What social changes take place when the process is complete? 4. Why did initiates participate in this process?


 * __Intellectual:__**

1. What kinds of lessons are taught before and during the process? 2. What are the initiates expected to do with this knowledge?


 * __Moral and Ethical:__**

1. What is the purpose of the process in this culture? By: Claudia Setting: -A boy named Ibrahim. -7 years of age - 1 week -Northern Nigeria Physical: -none -He gets circumcised. - Throughout his recovery week he got all of his favorite foods and drinks. -He has to wear more sophisticated clothes. -none Social and Psychological: -No one -Maturing into a man and letting go of 'childish' things. -He starts spending more time with his Dad helping him than his cousins playing in the yard. - It is part of his religion and he is becoming a man. -Lessons about his religion like learning to read Arabic verses. - - Manhood ** **  A Dine journey to womanhood ** By: Christina · A girl named Chuchi goes through the process of womanhood · She goes through a four day ceremony when she gets her first menstrual period · This takes place in northeastern Arizona · Some challenges she had to go through were having to run twice a day, faster each time, on each day of the ceremony so she would become stronger · Having to grind dried kernels of corn for hours without stopping for the cake at the end of the four day ceremony, and also so she could get stronger · And having to sit with her legs straight out in front of her and with her back up straight without moving for hours · One special food that is involved is the ceremonial cake. This is the cake that they eat at the end of the four day ceremonial to celebrate. Chuchi could not eat the cake though, she had to resist it so she could learn to resist all the other bad things that will come in her life · A clothing that Chuchi wears is the tunic of hand-wooden wool, with a silver belt, that was to be worn for the ceremony called the beauty way. · Chuchi says different kinds of prayers to bless, for strength in her body, and to help her get through this · A highly respected medicine man and woman called Ideal Woman were incharge · Some personal changes she went through were gaining inner beauty, becoming stronger, learning how to become a mother, and becoming a woman · She did this because in her culture they believe that doing this will give you strength in body, mind, spirit, and heart · Before the ceremony she was taught to ground corn to make bread, tend the garden, cook, clean, and tend to the sheep. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> During the ceremony she learned how to make a fire, and about all the things you need to know to become a good mother ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> With this knowledge, she is expected to have become a woman, and to know how to take care of a family ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The purpose of this whole ceremony was so she would get the strength of body, mind heart, and spirit to becoming a worthy Dine woman
 * Steps To Adulthood in Northern Nigeria
 * Intellectual:
 * Moral and Ethical:
 * Setting **
 * Physical **
 * Social and psychological **
 * Intellectual **
 * Moral and ethical **

__A Lakota Vision Quest__ Mary Clare Frawley ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Boys go through the process. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The boy’s name is John Fire. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Takes place in the early-mid 1900’s. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> This takes years. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Set in South Dakota.
 * __Setting__ **

·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Had to fast for four days. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Had to sit in a sweat lodge, and couldn’t breathe. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Had no clothing or protection. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Had only one blanket made for him by his grandmother ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> His uncle chanted and said prayers.
 * __Physical__ **

·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Uncle Chest is in charge. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Has to think of a vision. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> He feels and hears things all around him during his vision. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> He wants to be initiated because he wants to keep his Lakota cultures.
 * __Social and Psychological__ **

·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> He is expected to help heal people when he becomes a medicine man.
 * __Intellectual__ **

·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> One purpose is to become a medicine man. ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The other is to go through this process so that he is able to keep his Lakota Cultures. **A Journey to Adulthood in the Kalahari Desert** __**Setting**__
 * __Moral and Ethical__ **
 * Susanne Wiecek**

__**Intellectual**__ __**Moral and Ethical**__ <span style="font-family: Shruti,helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * A boy goes through the process of adulthood.
 * He wants to become a hunter, so he goes along with the elders hunting and learns everything he can about hunting.
 * When the boy kills his first animal, he receives his Rite of First Kill, which symbolizes that he has made his journey into adulthood.
 * They celebrate with a feast.
 * The boy’s tribe lives in the Kalahari Desert in southwestern Africa.
 * This probably took place in the early 1800’s because the speaker mentioned the British.
 * It took place over a couple years, when their tribe was thriving with good hunters and a lot of land, etc.
 * __Physical__**
 * The boy risks being attacked by a large animal while he tried to kill it for food.
 * After he received his Rite of First Kill, an elder put marks on him to symbolize protection.
 * After the boy kills his first animal, his tribe has a feast.
 * An elder decorates the boy’s body with marks.
 * The boy learns the dances of the hunters.
 * __Social and Psychological__**
 * The elder hunters are directing the boy in his journey to adulthood.
 * The boy feels more independent after he becomes a hunter.
 * Everyone in the tribe respects him even more.
 * Initiates participated in this process because it was time for the boy to take on the responsibilities of being a man.
 * The lessons that are taught are that with confidence and hope, you can achieve anything.
 * They are expected to use their power of confidence for their community.
 * The purpose of the process is to turn young boys into strong men for the best of the community.

** Lily Goodman **
 * A Journey to Adulthood in Northern Nigeria **

Setting- <span style="font-family: Shruti,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> It is about a girl named Daria. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> It takes place when Daria has her first menstrual period. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> It takes place for about two to three years. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> It takes place in Northern Nigeria.

Physical- <span style="font-family: Shruti,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The physical changes and risk taking that is involved is becoming a woman, and getting married at a considerably young age. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> A permanent physical change that is overcoming Daria is that she is becoming a woman, therefore she can have a child. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Special food or drinks that are involved are big feasts and Kola nuts. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The clothes Daria wears are her best clothes, and she wears them on her wedding day. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Prayers by Iman (religious leader) are involved during the ceremony.

Social and Psychological- <span style="font-family: Shruti,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The person in charge of the process is the Iman, parents, grandparents, aunts, and uncles. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The personal or emotional change Daria goes through is fear of becoming an adult. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> A social change that takes place when the process is complete is being very respectful to your husband. ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The initiates participated in this process so that they could be good wives to their husbands, and learn how to be respectful.

Intellectual- <span style="font-family: Shruti,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The lessons that are taught during this process before and during are to have good hygiene, and to be a respectful person, especially to your husband. <span style="font-family: Shruti,helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> What the initiates are expected to do with this knowledge is to go on and be respectful of people.

Moral and Ethical- <span style="font-family: Shruti,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> ·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The purpose of this process in this culture is to help you get married, and to become an adult.

Journey to Adulthood Fafaru James

Where does it take place? It takes place in the Polynesian islands of topikia, All over town.
 * Setting**
 * Who goes through this process?** Every boy in the town goes through this process.
 * When does it take place?** It takes places when the boy is thirteen and starting his adolescent journey.
 * Over what period of time does it take place?** It takes two to four days to complete.


 * Physical**
 * What physical challenges or risk-taking behaviors are involved?** The risks that are taken are that you are stepping into manhood and depending on your strength physical and mentally to get you through it.
 * What permanent physical changes or alternations are made to the body or appearance?** The permanent changes that they put on the body is circumcision.
 * What special foods or drinks are involved?** There are many feasts that are held to celebrate this journey.
 * What special clothing or decorations are used?** The special clothing that is used is new cloths that are swiped out from the new ones and put on the boy.
 * What dances, movements, chanting, or songs are involved?** There are many feasts and parties that go on before and after the ritual.


 * Social and psychical**
 * Who is in charge, directing the process?** The family is in charge of the of this process
 * What kinds of personal or emotional changes do the individuals go through?** There are many emotional changes that the boy goes through, mostly because of puberty.
 * What social changes take place when the process is complete?** After the process the boy is allowed to marry if he wants to. But he doesn’t and instead enjoys his adolescent instead.
 * Why did initiates participate in this process?** The boy participated in this because it was his cultures way of turning into a man.


 * Intellectual**
 * What kinds of lesson are taught before and during the process?** The lesson that were taught are physical lesson like, hunting, rowing, and manual labor. He also turned into a man and leaned how to take care of a family.
 * What are the initiates expected to do with this knowledge?** They are expected to take this work and journey that they have learned and put it into their lives.


 * More and ethical**
 * What is the purpose of the process in this culture?** The main purpose of this process was to change a boy into a man.

Setting: Physical: Social and Psychological: Intellectual Moral and Ethical
 * Journeys to Adulthood- Poma**
 * By Aidan H.**
 * 1) Both boys and girls go through the process.
 * 2) It takes place in the late fifteenth century.
 * 3) It takes a few weeks to accomplish.
 * 4) It takes place in Peru, on the West Coast of South America.
 * 1) One must be taught survival skills and fast for a few days.
 * 2) The person receives a line of blood across their face from a llama they've sacrificed.
 * 3) The person is given an alcoholic beverage called Chica.
 * 4) The person is given clothing to wear after they make their first sacrifice.
 * 5) During the person's feast, a lot of dancing is involved.
 * 1) The people directing the process are the person's elders.
 * 2) The person becomes more mature in general.
 * 3) When the process is complete, the person is considered an adult and should act like it.
 * 4) The initiates participate because this is the only way they can become 'adults.'
 * 1) Before the process begins, the person must attend formal education for four years.
 * 2) The initiates are expected to lead their empire.
 * 1) the purposes of the process in this culture are to become a warrior and to become a man.

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